Obesity - Wikipedia. Obesity. Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing optimal, overweight, and obese. Specialty. Endocrinology. Symptoms. Increased fat. He presents with stretch marks and enlarged breasts. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined not as an absolute number but in relation to a historical normal group, such that obesity is a BMI greater than the 9. How about a weight gain diet for a 100 lb woman? Weight Gain Diet Chart. Are you thin and underweight? Do you want to gain weight fast? Here are some healthy weight gain tips and a weight gain diet chart for you. Does protein make you gain weight? Your body cannot do anything without protein. Be prepared to eat lot of protein rich food items along with the carbohydrates. To convert from pounds per square inch multiply by 7. These comorbidities are most commonly shown in metabolic syndrome. The strength of the link between obesity and specific conditions varies. Cheap Diet Plan - Week 1 and 3. Use our cheap 1 week diet plans to help you diet on a budget. Our cheap diet plan contains budget recipes for a 1 week menu.One of the strongest is the link with type 2 diabetes. Excess body fat underlies 6. Increased fat also creates a proinflammatory state. This has been attributed to the fact that people often lose weight as they become progressively more ill. People with class I obesity and heart disease do not have greater rates of further heart problems than people of normal weight who also have heart disease. In people with greater degrees of obesity, however, the risk of further cardiovascular events is increased. It has also changed significantly over time. ![]() The United States had the highest availability with 3,6. J) per person in 1. For women, the average increase was 3. J) per day (1,5. 42 calories (6,4. J) in 1. 97. 1 and 1,8. Lose weight fast and safe. How can I lose weight in a week? Is is possible to lose 10 pounds in 1 week? Is is safe to lose weight so fast? What diet should I follow. ![]() J) in 2. 00. 4), while for men the average increase was 1. J) per day (2,4. 50 calories (1. J) in 1. 97. 1 and 2,6. J) in 2. 00. 4). Most of this extra food energy came from an increase in carbohydrate consumption rather than fat consumption. In the United States, subsidization of corn, soy, wheat, and rice through the U. S. The World Health Organization indicates people worldwide are taking up less active recreational pursuits, while a study from Finland. ![]() Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient food energy is present. As of 2. 00. 6, more than 4. Their ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance by storing energy as fat would be advantageous during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reserves would be more likely to survive famine. ![]() This tendency to store fat, however, would be maladaptive in societies with stable food supplies. Medical illnesses that increase obesity risk include several rare genetic syndromes (listed above) as well as some congenital or acquired conditions: hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, growth hormone deficiency. There are a number of theories as to the cause but most believe it is a combination of various factors. The correlation between social class and BMI varies globally. A review in 1. 98. No significant differences were seen among men of different social classes. In the developing world, women, men, and children from high social classes had greater rates of obesity. The decrease in strength of correlation was felt to be due to the effects of globalization. A similar relationship is seen among US states: more adults, even in higher social classes, are obese in more unequal states. It is thought that in developed countries, the wealthy are able to afford more nutritious food, they are under greater social pressure to remain slim, and have more opportunities along with greater expectations for physical fitness. In undeveloped countries the ability to afford food, high energy expenditure with physical labor, and cultural values favoring a larger body size are believed to contribute to the observed patterns. A correlation in BMI changes over time has been found among friends, siblings, and spouses. Those who quit smoking gain an average of 4. A woman's risk increases by 7% per child, while a man's risk increases by 4% per child. In China overall rates of obesity are below 5%; however, in some cities rates of obesity are greater than 2. Gut flora has been shown to differ between lean and obese humans. There is an indication that gut flora in obese and lean individuals can affect the metabolic potential. This apparent alteration of the metabolic potential is believed to confer a greater capacity to harvest energy contributing to obesity. Whether these differences are the direct cause or the result of obesity has yet to be determined unequivocally. The amount that these associations may have contributed to the rising rate of obesity is yet to be determined. Friedman's laboratory. In the ob/ob mouse, mutations in the leptin gene resulted in the obese phenotype opening the possibility of leptin therapy for human obesity. However, soon thereafter J. Caro's laboratory could not detect any mutations in the leptin gene in humans with obesity. On the contrary Leptin expression was increased proposing the possibility of Leptin- resistance in human obesity. Since leptin's discovery, ghrelin, insulin, orexin, PYY 3- 3. The adipokines are mediators produced by adipose tissue; their action is thought to modify many obesity- related diseases. Leptin and ghrelin are considered to be complementary in their influence on appetite, with ghrelin produced by the stomach modulating short- term appetitive control (i. Leptin is produced by adipose tissue to signal fat storage reserves in the body, and mediates long- term appetitive controls (i. Although administration of leptin may be effective in a small subset of obese individuals who are leptin- deficient, most obese individuals are thought to be leptin resistant and have been found to have high levels of leptin. In particular, they and other appetite- related hormones act on the hypothalamus, a region of the brain central to the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. There are several circuits within the hypothalamus that contribute to its role in integrating appetite, the melanocortin pathway being the most well understood. The second group coexpresses pro- opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript (CART) and has stimulatory inputs to the VMH and inhibitory inputs to the LH. Consequently, NPY/Ag. RP neurons stimulate feeding and inhibit satiety, while POMC/CART neurons stimulate satiety and inhibit feeding. Both groups of arcuate nucleus neurons are regulated in part by leptin. Leptin inhibits the NPY/Ag. RP group while stimulating the POMC/CART group. Thus a deficiency in leptin signaling, either via leptin deficiency or leptin resistance, leads to overfeeding and may account for some genetic and acquired forms of obesity. Solutions look at changing the factors that cause excess food energy consumption and inhibit physical activity. Efforts include federally reimbursed meal programs in schools, limiting direct junkfood marketing to children. In 1. 99. 8, the first US Federal guidelines were published, titled . This is a comprehensive evidence- based guideline to address the management and prevention of overweight and obesity in adults and children. The Obesity Policy Action (OPA) framework divides measure into 'upstream' policies, 'midstream' policies, 'downstream' policies. One study found a weight loss of between 1. But as prosperity increased in the Early Modern period, it affected increasingly larger groups of the population. It was common among high officials in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. During the 2. 0th century, as populations reached their genetic potential for height, weight began increasing much more than height, resulting in obesity. The obesus or fat character in Ancient Greek comedy was a glutton and figure of mockery. During Christian times the food was viewed as a gateway to the sins of sloth and lust. People of all ages can face social stigmatization, and may be targeted by bullies or shunned by their peers. The weight that is viewed as an ideal has become lower since the 1. This is illustrated by the fact that the average height of Miss America pageant winners increased by 2% from 1. In Britain, the weight at which people considered themselves to be overweight was significantly higher in 2. This has become particularly common since the HIV epidemic began. Some attribute the Venus figurines to the tendency to emphasize fertility while others feel they represent . This continued through much of Christian European history, with only those of low socioeconomic status being depicted as obese. These women, however, still maintained the . After centuries of obesity being synonymous with wealth and social status, slimness began to be seen as the desirable standard. These effects are felt by all levels of society from individuals, to corporations, to governments. In 2. 00. 5, the medical costs attributable to obesity in the US were an estimated $1. Overweight and obese Australians also received A$3. However, the longer people live, the more medical costs they incur. Researchers, therefore, conclude that reducing obesity may improve the public's health, but it is unlikely to reduce overall health spending. They also had more than 1. The most common injuries in this group were due to falls and lifting, thus affecting the lower extremities, wrists or hands, and backs. These measures started in January 2. BMI exceeds 3. 5 kg/m. Due to rising rates of obesity, airlines face higher fuel costs and pressures to increase seating width. The Court argued that if an employee's obesity prevents him from . They have increased in prominence in the latter half of the 2. It has more of a global orientation and describes its mission as promoting size acceptance and helping to end weight- based discrimination. The American legal system, however, has decided that the potential public health costs exceed the benefits of extending this anti- discrimination law to cover obesity. The organization was founded with at least $1. M in funding from the Coca- Cola Company, and the company has provided $4. M in research funding to the two founding scientists Gregory A. Hand and Steven N. Blair since 2. 00. Obesity in children and adolescents is defined as a BMI greater than the 9.
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